Stoicism

Zeno of Cyprus, it became the foundation of his life's work and legacy. The once wealthy merchant lost everything when he was shipwrecked in Athens around 300 BCE. With not much else to do, he wandered into a book shop, became intrigued by reading about Socrates, and proceeded to seek out and study with the city's noted philosophers.

As Zeno began educating his own students, he originated the philosophy knows as Stoicism, whose teaching of virtue, tolerance and self-control have inspired generations of thinkers and leaders. The name Stoicism comes from the Stoa Poikile, the decorated public colonnade where Zeno and his disciples gathered for discussion. Today, we colloquially use the word stoic to mean someone who remains calm under pressure and avoid emotional extremes. But while this captures important aspects of Stoicism, the original philosophy was more than just an attitude.

The Stoics believed that everything around us operates according to a web of cause and effect, resulting in a rational structure of the universe, which they called logos.And while we may not always have control over the events affecting us, we can have control over how we approach things. Rather than imagining an ideal society, the Stoic tries to deal with the world as it is while pursuing self-improvement through four cardinal virtues :

1. Wisdom - The ability to navigate complex situations in a logical, informed and calm manner.
2. Temperance - The exercise of self-restraint and moderation in all aspects of life.
3.  Justice - Treating others with fairness even when they have done wrong.
4. Courage - Not just in extraordinary circumstances, but facing daily challenges with clarity and integrity.

As Seneca wrote :

Sometimes, even to live is an act of courage.

But while Stoicism focuses on personal improvement, it's not a self-centered philosophy. At a time when Roman laws considered slaves as property, Seneca called for their humane treatment and stressed that we all share the same fundamental humanity. Nor does Stoicism encourage passivity. The idea is that only people who have cultivated virtue and self-control in themselves can bring positive change in others.

Stoicism gave Marcus Aurelius the resolve to lead the Empire through two major wars, while dealing with the loss of many of his children. Centuries later, Marcus's journal would guide and comfort Nelson Mandela through his 27 years imprisonment during his struggle for racial equality in South Africa. After his release and eventual victory, Mandela stressed peace and reconciliation, believing that while the injustices of the past couldn't be changed, his people could confront the in the present and seek to build a better, more just future.

Stoicism was an active school of philosophy for several centuries in Greece and Rome. As a formal institution, it faded away, but its influenced has continued to this day. Thomas Aquinas have admired and adopted its focus on the virtues, and there are parallels between Stoic Ataraxia or tranquility of mind and the buddhist concept of Nirvana.

We suffer not from the events in our lives but from our judgement about them! - Epictetus 

 This resonated strongly with modern psychology and the self-help movement. For example, rational motive behavioral therapy focuses on changing self-defeating attitudes people form about their life circumstances. There's also Viktor Frankl's logotherapy based on Stoic principle "that we can harness our will power to fill our lives with the meaning, even in the bleakest situations.

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism , Langspace TED-Ed